Top Travellers Diseases

When going on a trip whether overseas or just a state away, there is always the chance that you may get sick. There are several diseases that you should avoid contracting while traveling. Here we will cover the 10 most common diseases you can get while traveling.
10. Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A is a viral disease that attacks the liver. This disease is prominent in Africa, Latin America, India, and Mexico. Although it is rarely fatal, getting Hepatitis A can still be a miserable experience. Common symptoms include fever, nausea, abdominal discomfort, and a few days later jaundice.

In order to prevent contracting this disease, there is a vaccine that you should take about 4 weeks before taking a trip; follow up with the booster shot 6-12 months later.
9. Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is similar to Hepatitis A in that it attacks the liver. However it is a far more dangerous strain of Hepatitis and can cause death among other things if not treated. This disease is found in Africa, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and the Pacific Islands; however, in rare cases, people have been diagnosed with the disease in America, meaning there is an extreme outside chance you might catch it during your next Richmond extended stay or Houston lodging excursion. When the disease is found in the U.S., it is generally because someone has traveled abroad and brought the disease back with them to the States, much like an unwelcome foreign step aunt.

The symptoms are the same as Hepatitis A as well, but the prevention is a larger series of shots. Three doses of the vaccine should be gotten 6 months before you travel anywhere where you are likely to contract this disease.
8. Cholera

cholera-boy

Cholera is a bacterial disease which affects the intestines. This disease is found in Indonesia, Asia, Eastern Europe, and Africa. Some of the symptoms of Cholera include vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration.

There are several things you can do to avoid getting Cholera. There is a vaccine you can get before you travel that is at least 50 percent affective. Another thing you can do to avoid getting cholera is to avoid eating uncooked food and to boil all your drinking water.
7. Japanese Encephalitis

Japanese Encephalitis is a very fatal disease attacks your central nervous system. This disease can be gotten when traveling in the agricultural regions of Asia. You contract this disease from the bite of an infected mosquito. The symptoms for this disease are tricky. They can either be nonexistent or they can resemble the flu with vomiting, chills, headache, tiredness, and diarrhea.

There are a couple things you can do to avoid getting this disease. You can try to avoid being around anywhere that has standing water, especially if you see bugs around it. There is also a vaccine that is over 90 percent affective if taken in two doses.
6. Meningitis

meningitis

Meningitis is a bacterial disease that infects the blood stream or the lining of the spinal cord and brain. It is most commonly found in the sub Saharan Africa although it has been known to be in Saudi Arabia. You can catch this disease if you come into direct contact with infected people’s coughing or sneezing. Some of the symptoms of meningitis include fever, headache, nausea and vomiting, and a stiff neck.

You can avoid getting this disease by steering clear of people who are sick, so they cannot cough or sneeze on you. There is also a vaccine and some antibiotics that will help.
5. Tetanus

Tetanus, also called lock jaw, is a bacterial disease that affects all of your central nervous system. This disease can happen anywhere. You can get tetanus if you have an open wound that becomes contaminated with the bacterial organism. Some signs that you have tetanus include a stiff jaw, stiff neck,, fever, hard time swallowing, tight abdomen, and sometimes spasms.

A way to avoid this disease is to make sure that any open wounds you have are cleaned out and bandaged well, to avoid getting anything in them until they heal. The vaccine you can get is one hundred percent effective. It is best if you get the vaccine every ten years, if you do a lot of traveling. This disease can be fatal if left untreated.
4. Typhoid Fever

Typhoid Fever is a disease that infects the intestinal tract and sometimes also your bloodstream. You are at greater risk of getting this disease if you travel to India or the lower income countries of Asia, Africa, and Central and South America. Some of the symptoms are a sudden fever, nausea, loss of appetite, and can sometimes follow with a hoarse cough and diarrhea.
If you want to avoid getting this disease, stay away from any food or water that may have salmonella. You can make sure of this by always boiling any water you drink or use and cooking your food thoroughly before you eat it. There is also a vaccine that is pretty effective in preventing you from contracting this disease.
3. Yellow Fever

You can get yellow fever from the bite of an infected mosquito. Yellow fever is a viral disease found in Sub Saharan Africa, and tropical South America. Common symptoms of this disease are fever, headache, vomiting, and backache. As the disease gets worse your pulse will get weaker, your gums may bleed, and you may find blood in your urine.

Some obvious ways to avoid getting this disease are to stay away from standing water and avoid areas that are prevalent with insects. There is also a vaccine that lasts up to 15 days each time you get it.
2. Diarrhea

diarrhea-comic

This disease can happen anywhere, in fact you have probably already had it at least once in your life. As you may well know, diarrhea is when your bowel movements are less solid than normal. You can actually catch this disease if you drink or eat something that is contaminated with it.
You can avoid getting diarrhea by not eating uncooked food or drinking non boiled water. If you do get diarrhea, make sure you have Pepto-Bismol or Imodium with you.
1. Malaria

You can get Malaria from more than forty percent of the world. Some countries where this disease is more common are Sub Saharan Africa, Central and South America, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East. Malaria is a severe disease caused by a parasite and it can be fatal. This disease is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. Malaria symptoms are flulike in nature and include fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, and tiredness.

To avoid getting malaria, stay away from standing water. Also try to avoid places that are prone to having insects. There are also four different drugs that can be taken before and during your trip to help you avoid getting this disease.

There you have it, the top ten most common traveling diseases. Do not let this scare you into not taking your business trip or vacation. Merely make sure you are prepared so that if something does happen to you, you will only suffer mildly.

Top Rarest Diseases

Also called orphan diseases, rare diseases are those that are extremely uncommon and often have such low prevalence that a common doctor would not run into more than one case of that disease over a course of years, if ever. The most uncommon diseases that human kind faced are usually of genetic type. There are more than 6,000 rare diseases listed in the US Office of Rare Diseases today. There is no single definition accepted yet to define the term rare disease, but in the United States, a certain disease can be considered rare if affects less than 200,000 people and less than 1 in 2,000 people in European Union Countries.
Here is the list of 15 most uncommon illnesses ever, that affect humans:
1. Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency

Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency (RPI deficiency) is a human disorder caused by mutations in the pentose phosphate pathway enzyme ribose-5-phosphate isomerase. With a single diagnosed patient, RPI deficiency is currently considered to be the rarest disease in the world.
The affected person was a boy born in 1984 and diagnosed by MRI as suffering from a white matter disease (leukoencephalopathy) . Analysis of SPECT profiles indicated an increase in the polyols arabitol, ribitol and erithrol. This discovery later led to the identification of the disease-causing mutations, a premature stop codon and a missense mutation in the RPI gene. Since the report of this first case in 1999, no further patients have been diagnosed. In the search for an explanation for this rarity, it has been found that the patient suffers from a seldom-seen allelic combination. One allele is a non-functional null allele, while the other encodes for a partially-active enzyme. Furthermore, the partially-functional allele has expression deficits that depend on the cell type in which it is expressed. Therefore, some of the patient’s cells have a considerable amount of RPI activity, whereas others do not. The molecular cause of the pathology is not fully understood. One hypothesis is that ribose-5-phosphate may lack for RNA synthesis; another possibility is that the accumulation of D-ribitol and D-arabitol may be toxic.
2. Carpenter syndrome

Also called acrocephalopolysyndactyly type II, is an extremely rare autosomal recessive congenital disorder characterized by craniofacial malformations, obesity, and syndactyly.
Carpenter syndrome presents several features: tower-shaped skull (craniosynostosis); additional or fused digits (fingers and toes); obesity; reduced height. Mental deficiency is also common with the disorder, although some patients may have average intellectual capacity.
Carpenter Syndrome belongs to a group of rare genetic disorders known as acrocephalopolysyndactyly, abbreviated ACPS (RN, 2007). There were originally five types of ACPS, but this number has been decreased because they have been found to be closely related to one another or to other disorders (Paul A. Johnson, 2002). The most common physical manifestation of Carpenter Syndrome is early fusing of the fibrous cranial sutures which results in an abnormally pointed head. The fusion of the skull bones is evident from birth (National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc., 2008). Babies’ mobile cranial bones form a cone shape as the pass through the birth canal and soon thereafter return to a normal shape; however, a baby affected by carpenter syndrome maintains a cone shaped head.
A baby affected by Carpenter Syndrome will also display malformations of the face. An individual affected by the syndrome may have broad cheeks, a flat nasal bridge, and a wide upturned nose with abnormally large nasal openings.
3. Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a neurological disorder characterized by destruction of the myelin, an oily substance that helps protect nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, also known as central nervous system (CNS) white matter. It is caused by a virus called JC virus (JCV), named after the initials of the patient in whom it was first discovered. The virus is widespread, found in at least 85% of the general adult population. It remains inactive in healthy individuals and causes disease only when the immune system has been severely weakened, such as in people with HIV/AIDS, or hematological malignancies, and in organ transplant recipients who receive immuno- suppressant medications to avoid rejection of the transplanted organ. Altogether, PML occurs in approximately one in 250,000 people.
The term “progressive” in PML means that the disease continues to get worse and often leads to serious brain damage. The term “multifocal” means that JCV causes disease in multiple parts of the brain. However, it is possible for an individual with PML to have only one brain lesion instead of several lesions. The term “leukoencephalopathy” means that the disease affects mainly the white matter of the brain or myelin, although there are some rare cases in which the gray matter neurons is also involved.
4. Zimmermann-Laband syndrome (ZLS)

Also known as Laband Zimmermann syndrome, and Laband’s Syndrome, is an extremely rare autosomal dominant congenital disorder.
Symptoms include gingival fibromatosis, associated with hypoplasia of the distal phalanges, nail dysplasia, joint hypermobility, and sometimes hepatosplenomegaly. The nose and pinnae are usually large and poorly developed, which gives the individuals with the syndrome abnormal facial characteristics. Mental retardation may also occur. Both males and females are equally affected. Gingival fibromatosis is usually present at birth or appears short after. The term Zimmermann-Laband was coined by Carl Jacob Witkop in 1971. Zimmerman-Laband syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. This means the defective gene is located on an autosome, and only one copy of the gene is sufficient to cause the disorder, when inherited from a parent who has the disorder.
5. Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes (PNS)

Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes (PNS) are a group of conditions that affect the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves and/or muscles) in patients with cancer. The term “paraneoplastic” means that the neurological syndrome is not caused by the tumor itself, but by the immunological reactions that the tumor produces. It is believed that the body’s normal immunological system interprets the tumor as an invasion. When this occurs, the immunological system mounts an immune response, utilizing antibodies and lymphocytes to fight the tumor. The end result is that the patient’s own immune system can cause collateral damage to the nervous system, which can sometimes be severe. In many patients, the immune response can cause nervous system damage that far exceeds the damage done to the tumor. The effects of PNS can remit entirely, although there can also be permanent effects.
6. Pfeiffer syndrome

It is a genetic disorder characterized by the premature fusion of certain bones of the skull (craniosynostosis), which prevents further growth of the skull and affects the shape of the head and face. It is named after Rudolf Arthur Pfeiffer who, in 1964, described a list of features that included a coronal synostosis, turribachycephaly (high prominent forehead) and maxillary hypoplasia (eyes that appear to bulge, but are actually due to small underlying cheek bones). Pfeiffer syndrome affects about 1 in 130,000 births.
7. Dercum’s Disease

Dercum’s disease is an extremely rare disorder characterized by multiple, painful growths consisting of fatty tissue (lipomas). These growths mainly occur on the trunk, the upper arms and upper legs and are found just below the skin (subcutaneously). Pain associated with Dercum’s disease can often be severe. Pain may be caused by these growths pressing on nearby nerves. Dercum’s disease mainly occurs in adults and more women are affected than men. In some cases, affected individuals may also experience weight gain, depression, lethargy, and/or confusion. The exact cause of Dercum’s disease is unknown.
8. Winchester syndrome

Is a rare congenital connective tissue disease described in 1969, of which the main characteristics are short stature, marked contractures of joints, opacities in the cornea, a coarse face, dissolution of the carpal and tarsal bones (in the hands and feet respectively) and osteoporosis. Appearances resembled rheumatoid arthritis. Increased uronic acid was demonstrated in cultured fibroblasts from the skin and to a lesser degree in both parents. Despite initial tests not showing increased mucopolysaccharide excretion, the disease was regarded as a mucopolysaccharidosis.
In 2005 a patient with Winchester syndrome was shown to have mutations in the matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) gene. A 2006 study showed other mutations in the same gene, and observed that Winchester syndrome is probably part of a continuum that also includes Torg syndrome and nodulosis-arthropathy-osteolysis syndrome (NAO).
9. Meleda disease (MDM)

Also called “mal de Meleda”, also called Mljet disease, keratosis palmoplantaris and transgradiens of siemens, (also known as “Acral keratoderma,” “Mutilating palmoplantar keratoderma of the Gamborg-Nielsen type,” “Palmoplantar ectodermal dysplasia type VIII”, and “Palmoplantar keratoderma of the Norrbotten type”) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive congenital skin disorder in which dry, thick patches of skin develop on the soles of the hands and feet, a condition known as palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. MDM is most common on the Dalmatian island of Mljet (or Meleda), thought to be because of a founder effect. It is of autosomal recessive inheritance. It may be caused by a mutation on the SLURP1 gene, located on chromosome 8.
10. Familial Idiopathic Basal Ganglia Calcifications (Fahr’s Disease)

Fahr’s Disease is a rare degenerative neurological disorder characterized by the presence of abnormal calcium deposits (calcifications) and associated cell loss in certain areas of the brain (e.g., basal ganglia). The condition is often referred to as idiopathic basal ganglia calcification or IBGC because there is no apparent explanation for such calcification in these brain regions (idiopathic). Associated symptoms include progressive deterioration of cognitive abilities (dementia) and loss of acquired motor skills. As the condition progresses, paralysis may develop that is associated with increased muscle stiffness (rigidity) and restricted movements (spastic paralysis). Additional abnormalities may include relatively slow, involuntary, continual writhing movements (athetosis) or chorea, a related condition characterized by irregular, rapid, jerky movements. In some affected individuals, there may also be gradual deterioration of the nerve fibers that transmit impulses from the retinas to the brain (optic atrophy), a condition associated with partial or near complete visual impairment.
According to reports in the medical literature, Fahr’s Disease is often familial. Familial Fahr’s Disease may be transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait or, in other affected families (kindreds), may have autosomal dominant inheritance. In other instances, the condition appears to occur randomly for unknown reasons (sporadically). Some experts suggest that the condition may sometimes result from an unidentified infection during pregnancy affecting the developing fetus (intrauterine infection).
11. Neuromyelitis Optica (Devic’s disease)

Neuromyelitis optica, also known as Devic disease (DD), is a chronic disorder of nerve tissue characterized by inflammation of the optic nerve (optic neuritis) and inflammation of the spinal cord (myelitis). There appear to be two forms of this disease. In the classical, but less common type, there is a series of attacks over a short period of time (days or weeks) but, after the initial outburst, there are seldom repeat incidents. The second form is more common and is characterized by repeated attacks separated by periods of remission. In this form, the interval between attacks may be weeks, months or years. In its early stages, Devic disease may be confused with multiple sclerosis.
12. Esthesioneuroblastoma

Esthesioneuroblastoma is a rare form of cancer involving nasal cavity and believed to arise from the olfactory epithelium. It can cause loss of vision, sight and taste. It is often considered synonymous with “olfactory neuroblastoma”, but the tissue of origin is not yet well characterized. Associated with Trisomy 8. It was first characterized in 1924. According to the BBC, only 200 cases of the disease have been recorded worldwide in the past two decades. A 1997 medical publications search identified 1,457 cases in the published literature since its discovery in 1924, however 487 were cited in more than one paper, bringing the total of reported cases to 945.
Several surgical approaches have been described, but post-excision recurrence rates have remained very high. The disease was brought into prominence by the case of Chantal Sébire, who was suffering from the disease and ended her life after being denied euthanasia.
13. Landau Kleffner Syndrome

Landau–Kleffner syndrome (LKS), also called infantile acquired aphasia, acquired epileptic aphasia or aphasia with convulsive disorder, is a very rare, childhood neurological syndrome.
It is named for William Landau and Frank Kleffner, who characterized it in 1957. Landau Kleffner syndrome (LKS) is also characterized by the loss of comprehension and expression of verbal language (aphasia) in association with severely abnormal electroencephalic (EEG) findings that often result in seizures. LKS affects the parts of the brain that control comprehension and speech (Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area). The disorder usually occurs in children between the ages of 5 and 7 years. Typically, children with LKS develop normally but then lose their language skills. While many of the affected individuals have clinical seizures, some only have electrographic seizures, including electrographic status epilepticus of sleep (ESES).
14. Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency (A1AD)

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency (A1AD) is a hereditary disorder characterized by low levels of a protein called alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT) which is found circulating in the blood. This inherited deficiency blocks A1AT primarily produced in the Liver, from release to the blood stream and predisposes an individual to several symptomatic illnesses, but most commonly appears as emphysema, often progressive liver cirrhosis and rarely, as a skin condition called panniculitis. A deficiency of A1AT allows substances that break down protein (proteolytic enzymes) to attack various tissues of the body. This results in destructive changes in the lungs (emphysema). The primary build up of unreleased A1AT in the liver may lead to cirrhosis and affect the skin. Alpha-1 Antitrypsin is produced in the liver ordinarily released by specialized, granular white blood cells (neutrophils) in response to infection or inflammation. A deficiency of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin in the blood stream results in unbalanced (relatively unopposed) rapid breakdown of proteins (protease activity), especially in the supporting elastic structures of the lungs.
This destruction over many years leads to emphysema and is accelerated by smoking and air pollution, often in occupational exposures. The inherited disease is often undiagnosed as environmental triggered COPD the #4 cause of death in the United States. The inherited lung diseases progression, when diagnosed is often treatable using a protein replacement therapy.
15. Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome (CVS)

Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) is a rare disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of severe nausea and vomiting. An episode may last for a few hours to several days and then is followed by a period of time during which affected individuals are free of severe nausea and vomiting. This alternating pattern of disease and disease-free periods distinguishes cyclic vomiting syndrome from other similar disorders. The associated nausea and vomiting can be severe enough to be incapacitating (e.g., individuals may be unable to walk or talk and/or be bedridden). Additional symptoms that are often present during an episode including paleness of the skin (pallor), lack of energy (lethargy), abdominal pain and headaches. In some cases as children grow older, they may outgrow these episodes, although many of these children eventually develop migraines. Cyclic vomiting syndrome affects children more often than adults. In adults, episodes occur less frequently, but may last longer. The exact cause of cyclic vomiting syndrome is unknown.

The Most Common Disease Caused by Smoking

5 Common Diseases cause by smoking 5 Common Diseases Caused by Smoking

The most common disease that smoking causes is cancer. Many people mistakenly think that only lung cancer is caused by smoking, but this is not correct. Many different types of cancer can be brought on by smoking tobacco, or from inhaling second hand smoke.
Fatal Diseases Caused by Smoking

Naturally, cancer can be fatal – and often is, but there are other conditions that smoking causes which are also fatal. One such disease is Asthma. Most people don’t realize that Asthma can indeed be fatal – rescue inhalers don’t always do the trick.

Another fatal disease that is caused by this bad habit is stroke. A stroke may not initially kill you – or it may – but if it doesn’t, it definitely shortens your life, and of course changes the quality of your life as well.

Additional respiratory problems that are caused by smoking include Chronic Bronchitis, Emphysema, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or COPD. You may continue smoking because you enjoy it. Inhaling that smoke and exhaling it relaxes you. You might ask yourself how relaxing or enjoyable it is going to be when you can’t pull in a good breath of air at all, including cigarette smoke.
Non-Fatal Diseases Caused by Smoking

Surprisingly, there is a non-fatal problem that is caused by smoking, although few people realize it. Smoking can contribute to impotence issues in men. This is because nicotine narrows the arteries significantly, and in order to get an erection, blood must be able to flow through the arteries efficiently. In terms of smoking blocking arteries, too many people think this only pertains to the arteries that lead to the heart, and never consider the other important arteries in the body.

In the end, you have to ask yourself, honestly, if the potential health issues related to smoking are worth it. If you believe that they are, you might want to take time out to visit someone who is currently suffering from one of these diseases caused by smoking, to get a better sense of the consequences, and just how those consequences affect your life – or your ability to stay alive.
Most of the people who decide to quit smoking do so because they realize how much damage it brings to their health. This is a reasonable concern, because half of smokers die from a smoking-related disease.

Here are the types of health problems which devoted smokers can expect:

• Lung problems

It is obvious that an individual’s lungs suffer severely from smoking. Almost all smokers cough a lot; the reason is that smoke blocks air in small air cells. This disease is called emphysema. It shortens one’s breath and limits their physical activity. Another serious lung problem is chronic bronchitis. When these two diseases occur together, they are called “chronic obstructive pulmonary disease” or COPD for short. As a rule, it develops in a smoker’s body by the age of 40, and worsens with time, sometimes becoming fatal.

In 2004 it was discovered that even pneumonia can be a result of smoking. Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs which can be mild, but often develops into a serious life-threatening condition.

The primary reason for the development of lung cancer is smoking. Ninety percent of people that die from lung cancer originally contracted it from smoking.

• Cancer

Even though lung cancer is often caused by smoking, it is not the only kind you can acquire by smoking. Cancers of the mouth, throat (pharynx), voice-box (larynx), esophagus, kidney, pancreas, bladder, cervix, or stomach can also be a possible result of long-term smoking. In fact, 30% of all cancer deaths are caused by smoking.

An interesting study has been published by The Lancet science journal. It says if a girl starts smoking in her teens she has a higher chance of developing breast cancer before she reaches menopause. Her risk even doubles when she initiates smoking within 5 years of her first menstrual cycle.

• Heart attacks and blood-connected diseases

The greatest damage to smokers’ bodies is done to their blood vessels, not to their lungs as many people believe. Carbon monoxide that people inhale while smoking takes the place of pure oxygen in the blood, damaging cells and helping fat and plaque to stick to the vessel’s walls, clogging them.

The human brain considers nicotine as a poison, therefore when it enters the body, the brain gives a command to release stored fat into the blood, in order to release more energy for fighting the poison. Since regular smokers breathe in nicotine constantly, blood vessels get filled with fat, becoming unable to carry blood efficiently.

Smoking also hardens the arteries: new vessels grow inside of the existing ones which makes the process of clogging and narrowing even easier. This is called vascularization.

The most common result of the processes mentioned above is either a heart attack or stroke. Smoking is in fact a dangerous habit!

• Risks for women and babies

Smoking brings even more damage to women’s bodies than it does to men’s. Breast cancer is not their only risk. Studies show that smoking shortens women’s lives by 14.5 years (men’s are shortened by 13). As a rule, female smokers have a higher risk of heart attack, strokes and blood clots in their legs than do men.

Smoking also affects pregnancy and childbirth functions. The percentage of miscarriage or low birth-weight is substantially higher.

Measles

Measles Symptoms Signs Definition Infectious Diseases Tips Facts Health Fitness Care Healthy Measles Symptoms Children

Measles, a highly infectious disease, is very common in childhood. It is so common at this stage of life that nearly all children everywhere in the world go through this brief period of red spots. The disease appears in epidemic form, often in the winter season.

Measles Symptoms Signs:-

(1) The first symptoms which appear during 7 to 14 days after exposure to the virus are feverishness, cold, watering of the eyes and dry cough.

(2) Rashes appear on the skin in three to five days after the onset of these signs.

(3) These rashes, which consist of small rounded spots with reddened skin in between, initially appear on the sides of the face and the neck and then gradually spread all over the body, appearing last on the extremities. Initially pink in color, these rashes grow darker as time passes.

(4) Measles is usually accompanied with slight fever and diarrhea. In rare cases of great severity, high fever and delirium may occur.

(5) Complications which can arise from this disease include pneumonia, bronchitis, and ear abscess. One serious but rare complication is the inflammation of the brain.